Factores de riesgo cardiovascular no convencionales / Unconventional cardiovascular risk factor

Desde hace varias décadas se conocen los clásicos factores de riesgo cardiovascular (género, edad, hipertensión arterial, dislipidemias, tabaquismo, obesidad, sedentarismo). También existen factores de riesgo "no convencionales", es decir situaciones no descriptas ni contenidas en la mayoría de los puntajes de riesgo tradicionales, pero de las cuales existen evidencias científicas. En esta revisión se analizan algunos de ellos, tales como factores socioeconómicos, horarios prolongados de trabajo, factores ambientales, aislamiento social, cantidad y calidad del sueño. También hay factores de "protección" cardiovascular como la dieta mediterránea. La literatura cuenta con un número muy elevado de publicaciones que abarcan estos factores. En la presente descripción se incluyeron algunas que fuesen representativas, con buen diseño experimental y que hayan realizado análisis multivariado de los resultados para controlar potenciales confundidores que invaliden las conclusiones. Finalmente, se discuten los mecanismos fisiopatológicos involucrados en la generación de los eventos cardiovasculares finales. (AU)

The classical cardiovascular risk factors have been known for several decades (gender, age, arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, obesity, sedentary lifestyle). There also exist "non conventional" risk factors, that are those not described or not included in the majority of the traditional cardiovascular risk scores, but for whom scientific evidence is available. In this review some of them are analyzed, such as socio economic factors, prolonged work schedules, environmental factors, social isolation, sleep quantity and quality. There are also some "preventive" cardiovascular factors as the Mediterranean diet. There exist considerable amount of publications in the literature analyzing these issues. In the present paper some of them are discussed. They have been selected as they were representative of the corresponding aspect, well designed and with multivariate statistical analysis of the results, in order to control potential confounders that could invalidate the conclusions. Finally, the pathophysiological mechanisms involved are discussed. (AU)

Encuesta sobre la calidad de vida profesional de los cardiólogos en la Argentina / Survey on Professional Quality of Life of Argentine Cardiologists

Introducción: Pese a que los estudios sobre calidad de vida profesional han incluido distintas clases de profesionales de la salud, no existen publicaciones al respecto de los médicos cardiólogos en Latinoamérica y en particular en la Argentina. Objetivo: Estudiar mediante una encuesta la calidad de vida profesional de los cardiólogos en la Argentina. Material y métodos: Se trató de un estudio observacional y transversal con un cuestionario validado de acuerdo con distintas características métricas. La encuesta se realizó desde abril a junio de 2007 y tuvo carácter anónimo. El cuestionario autoadministrado estuvo constituido por 14 preguntas separadas en tres dominios que midieron: la percepción de la situación laboral del cardiólogo, la realización personal y la expectativa de futuro. Resultados: De 972 cardiólogos de todo el país contactados por e-mail, completaron la encuesta 717 (74%). Los indicadores de calidad de vida profesional mostraron que el 53,5% (383) de los cardiólogos cree que su situación laboral actual es regular o mala y el 61,0% (437) cree que esto no mejorará en el futuro. El 77,4% (555) está preocupado por su estabilidad laboral y el 82,9% (595) cree que podría ser demandado por mala praxis. En relación con la expectativa de futuro, el 17,3% (124) de los cardiólogos no volvería a elegir la especialidad, el 24,3% (174) no volvería a estudiar medicina y el 37,7% (270) no estaría satisfecho si un hijo decidiese estudiar medicina. Conclusiones: Esta primera encuesta sobre calidad de vida profesional de los cardiólogos en la Argentina describe la percepción de estos especialistas sobre su situación laboral, realización personal y profesional y expectativa de futuro. Los datos que surgen de la encuesta revelan un claro panorama de insatisfacción de los cardiólogos argentinos en el actual sistema organizativo de la salud.

Background: Despite studies on professional quality of life have included different types of health care professionals, there are no publications addressing the professional quality of life of cardiologists in Latin America, particularly in Argentina. Objective: The aim of this study is to use a survey to evaluate the professional quality of life of Argentine cardiologists. Methods: This observational, cross-sectional study consisted of a questionnaire validated according to different metric characteristics. The survey was conducted from April to June 2007 and was anonymous. The self-administered questionnaire consisted of 14 questions, separated in three domains measuring the cardiologist perception of the work situation, self-fulfillment and expectation about the future. Results: Among 972 cardiologists from all the country contacted by e-mail, 717 (74%) completed the survey. The indicators of professional quality of life demonstrated that 53.5% (383) of cardiologists believe that their current work situation is fair or bad and 61.0% (437) believe that this situation will not improve in the future; 77.4% (555) are worried about their job security and 82.9% (595) believe they could be sued for malpractice. Regarding the expectation about the future domain, 17.3% (124) of cardiologists would not choose the specialty again, 24.3% (174) would not study medicine again and 37.7% (270) would not be satisfied if one of his/her children decided to study medicine. Conclusions: This first survey on professional quality of life of Argentine cardiologists describes how these specialists perceive their work situation, self-fulfillment, professional achievement and expectation about the future. This information reveals a clear state of dissatisfaction among Argentine cardiologists within the current organization of the health care system.

Encuesta sobre la calidad de vida profesional de los cardiólogos en la Argentina / Survey on Professional Quality of Life of Argentine Cardiologists

Introducción: Pese a que los estudios sobre calidad de vida profesional han incluido distintas clases de profesionales de la salud, no existen publicaciones al respecto de los médicos cardiólogos en Latinoamérica y en particular en la Argentina. Objetivo: Estudiar mediante una encuesta la calidad de vida profesional de los cardiólogos en la Argentina. Material y métodos: Se trató de un estudio observacional y transversal con un cuestionario validado de acuerdo con distintas características métricas. La encuesta se realizó desde abril a junio de 2007 y tuvo carácter anónimo. El cuestionario autoadministrado estuvo constituido por 14 preguntas separadas en tres dominios que midieron: la percepción de la situación laboral del cardiólogo, la realización personal y la expectativa de futuro. Resultados: De 972 cardiólogos de todo el país contactados por e-mail, completaron la encuesta 717 (74%). Los indicadores de calidad de vida profesional mostraron que el 53,5% (383) de los cardiólogos cree que su situación laboral actual es regular o mala y el 61,0% (437) cree que esto no mejorará en el futuro. El 77,4% (555) está preocupado por su estabilidad laboral y el 82,9% (595) cree que podría ser demandado por mala praxis. En relación con la expectativa de futuro, el 17,3% (124) de los cardiólogos no volvería a elegir la especialidad, el 24,3% (174) no volvería a estudiar medicina y el 37,7% (270) no estaría satisfecho si un hijo decidiese estudiar medicina. Conclusiones: Esta primera encuesta sobre calidad de vida profesional de los cardiólogos en la Argentina describe la percepción de estos especialistas sobre su situación laboral, realización personal y profesional y expectativa de futuro. Los datos que surgen de la encuesta revelan un claro panorama de insatisfacción de los cardiólogos argentinos en el actual sistema organizativo de la salud.(AU)

Background: Despite studies on professional quality of life have included different types of health care professionals, there are no publications addressing the professional quality of life of cardiologists in Latin America, particularly in Argentina. Objective: The aim of this study is to use a survey to evaluate the professional quality of life of Argentine cardiologists. Methods: This observational, cross-sectional study consisted of a questionnaire validated according to different metric characteristics. The survey was conducted from April to June 2007 and was anonymous. The self-administered questionnaire consisted of 14 questions, separated in three domains measuring the cardiologist perception of the work situation, self-fulfillment and expectation about the future. Results: Among 972 cardiologists from all the country contacted by e-mail, 717 (74%) completed the survey. The indicators of professional quality of life demonstrated that 53.5% (383) of cardiologists believe that their current work situation is fair or bad and 61.0% (437) believe that this situation will not improve in the future; 77.4% (555) are worried about their job security and 82.9% (595) believe they could be sued for malpractice. Regarding the expectation about the future domain, 17.3% (124) of cardiologists would not choose the specialty again, 24.3% (174) would not study medicine again and 37.7% (270) would not be satisfied if one of his/her children decided to study medicine. Conclusions: This first survey on professional quality of life of Argentine cardiologists describes how these specialists perceive their work situation, self-fulfillment, professional achievement and expectation about the future. This information reveals a clear state of dissatisfaction among Argentine cardiologists within the current organization of the health care system.(AU)

Can the cold pressor test predict future cardiovascular events in patients without demonstrated ischemic heart disease by SPECT?

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether a cold pressor test (CPT) could help identify patients at a high risk of cardiovascular events in a population without known coronary artery disease (CAD) with a normal myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (MPS). METHODS: Our population consisted of 870 patients with a mean age of 59.3years with several CAD risk factors, having been referred for an MPS. The CPT was performed between the third day and fifth day after the MPS. RESULTS: The CPT was positive in 38.2% of the patients. After a mean 40-month follow-up, the patients were contacted to check for cardiac death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, and myocardial revascularization procedures. The event-free survival rates were 98.1% and 90.4% after a negative or positive CPT, respectively (p=0.0001). The positive CPT group exhibited a fourfold increased risk of CV events. All CV events in the negative CPT group occurred after a 30-month follow-up. The risk of CV events was 4.5 times higher in diabetic patients. CONCLUSION: A positive CPT in patients with a negative MPS could help identify a subgroup of patients at a higher risk of developing symptomatic CAD. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Our results suggest that after a normal post-exercise MPS, patients should undergo a CPT.

[Sudden death due to commotio cordis associated to non compacted myocardium]. / Muerte súbita por conmoción cardiaca (Commotio cordis) asociada a miocardio no compactado.

Non compact of the left ventricular myocardium is a rare congenital cardiomyopathy characterized by the presence of multiple and prominent deep trabeculations in the ventricular wall, that define recesses communicated with the main ventricular chamber. This is a condition with low incidence and prevalence, diagnosed through imaging techniques such as Doppler echocardiogram (DE), multi-slice computed tomography (MSCT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Clinically, it may be asymptomatic or manifested by cardiac arrhythmias, heart failure or thromboembolism. This is a report on a 33 year old asymptomatic man who suffered a blow on his chest (commotio cordis) during a sports competition that produced a cardiac arrest. The electrocardiogram showed ventricular flutter that required electrical defibrillation. A DE obtained initially, did not show any significant abnormality, but another DE, a MSCT and a RMN obtained after discharge, certified isolated non-compacted myocardium, ruling out coronary artery disease. He received beta blocker and antiplatelet therapy and the placement of an automatic cardioverter defibrillator was considered. The pathophysiology of the association of these two infrequent and potentially lethal conditions is discussed.